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Quadrupole Effects in Solid-state NMR,

Basic Principles and Experimental Techniques for Nuclei with Half-Integer Spins

by Dieter Freude and Jürgen Haase

Researchers continue to find new applications for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the fields of physics, chemistry, material science, geology, biology, and medicine. As an impressive measure of the current scope of NMR research, one can find about 26,700 discrete references in the Web of Science Core Collection in the year 2020 alone. The corresponding reference numbers in 2000 and 1980 are 13,000 and 2,500, respectively. The portion of these studies focusing on solid-state NMR was about 20% of all NMR studies since the year 2000. Presently, about 400 papers per year deal with quadrupolar nuclei. Fewer than one-quarter of these, mainly 2H studies, address integer spins; the remaining three-quarters or more deal with half-integer spins.

The study of quadrupole effects in the solid-state NMR of nuclei with half-integer spins began with the fundamental paper by R.V. Pound "Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Interactions in Crystals"  [1] published in 1950; the early developments in this field are summarized in the 1957 review by M.H. Cohen and F. Reif, "Quadrupole Effects in NMR Studies of Solids" [2]. Jumping to the year 2012, we recommend the the book edited by R.E. Wasylischen et al., "NMR of Quadrupolar nuclei in Solid Materials" [3], which contains 28 chapters [4-31] written by 40 specialists in this field. The recent enhancement of the sensitivity limits by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is summarized in the 2018 review by F.A. Perras et al., "Growing Signals from the Noise: Challenging Nuclei in Materials DNP" [32] and in the 2019 review by A.G.M. Rankin et al., "Recent Developments in MAS DNP-NMR of Materials" [33]. Developments are still in progress in 2023, especially in the field of the polarizing agent, see T. Halbritter et al. [34]. In 2020 appeared the "Handbook of High Field Dynamic Nuclear Polarization" [35] edited by V.K. Michaelis, R.G. Griffin, B. Corzilius and S. Vega with contributions by 50 authors.

In 2013 we updated our own review [36], originally published in 1993. It was titled "Quadrupole Effects in Solid-State NMR" and was limited to nuclei with half-integer spins in powder samples. The present review covers the identical topic; we again exclude integer spins. Some parts of the previous review [36] survived. This means that the current review is not free of self-plagiarism. The use of text parts and equations from our previous review [33] is mostly not indicated. We also re-used the basic content of some tables about quadrupole parameters of powder materials and some text from our (D.F.'s) 2000 review [37].

Tables about the 17O, 23Na and 27Al parameters of inorganic powder materials are again supplemented, although it has become more difficult to keep up to date with the accelerating publication of relevant materials. A very useful source is the comprehensive and regularly updated compilation of quadrupole effects and their applications in solid-state NMR, presented by Pascal Man on his internet page www.pascal-man.com.

With the present work, we address the readership of our old review with many thanks for consulting it and with the hope that this new version will merit its recommendation to others. We would much appreciate any advice concerning mistakes or other deficiencies in our presentation, as well as any suggestion for extension. The present review is presented only on the Internet and will be casually updated. Please use, as its reference, D. Freude and J. Haase, www.quad-nmr.de (2013–2023).

Content

Preface
1. Basic Theory
2. Excitation of Quadrupolar Nuclei in Solids
3. Spin Echoes and Carr Purcell
4. Sample Rotation
5. Multiple-Quantum Magic-Angle Spinning (MQMAS)
6. Satellite MAS NMR Spectroscopy
7. Spin-Lattice Relaxation
8. Survey of NMR Parameters for Quadrupolar Nuclei in Powder Materials, in Particular for 17O, 23Na and 27Al

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Last change: January 2024